Why your company works better than its structure explains, and why every reorg breaks the part nobody can see The rotation problemIn the 1970s, Vera Rubin pointed a spectrograph at spiral galaxies and discovered something rude. The stars out at the rim were moving far too fast. If you weigh a galaxy by counting the light coming out of it, the outer stars should behave like children on a carousel that is spinning too quickly - flung outward, gone. Instead they orbit serenely, held in place by something with no apparent interest in being visible. There were only two ways...